|
Description |
T100. T100. Marriage. *E. Westermarck The History of Human Marriage (2 vols. London, 1925); Hdwb. d. Abergl. I 1522; Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: *Neuman.
T102. T102. Hero returns and marries first love. Types 611, 884, 885**, 886; Icelandic: Boberg.
T104. T104. Foreign king wages war to enforce demand for princess in marriage. *Boje 74ff., 78; Icelandic: *Boberg.
T104.1. T104.1. Rejected suitor wages war. (Cf. T75.2.1.) Icelandic: *Boberg.
T104.2. T104.2. Victor demands defeated king‘s daughter (widow) in marriage. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T110. T110. Unusual marriage. India: Thompson-Balys.
T111. T111. Marriage of mortal and supernatural being. *Type 425; *Tegethoff 16; Krappe MLR XXIV (1929) 200ff.; India: *Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Graham.
T111.0.1. T111.0.1. Marriage to supernatural wives who disappear. *Holmström Svanjungfrumotivet 11ff.; Lithuanian: Balys Index Nos. 404*, 423*; India: Thompson-Balys; Mono-Alu: Wheeler Nos. 17, 35.
T111.0.2. T111.0.2. Supernatural wife summoned by bell. Italian: Basile Pentamerone I No. 2.
T111.1. T111.1. Marriage of a mortal and a god. Irish: MacCulloch Celtic 13, *Cross; Greek: cf. the various love affairs of Zeus with mortal maidens; India: *Thompson-Balys; Hindu: Tawney I 256, 302, 335, 351, 560f.; Maori: Dixon 57.
T111.1.1. T111.1.1. Maiden chooses disguised god as husband. Buddhist myth: Malalasekera I 648.
T111.1.2. T111.1.2. Man marries the daughter of a god. Korean: Zong in-Sob 137 No. 63; S. A. Indian (Chiriguano): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 181f.
T111.2. T111.2. Woman from sky-world marries mortal man. India: *Thompson-Balys; Japanese: Ikeda; Philippine (Tinguian): Cole 110; Africa (Fjort): Dennett 60 No. 12, (Congo): Weeks 206 No. 3, (Angola): Chatelain 131 No. 13.
T111.2.1. T111.2.1. Hero marries star in form of girl. Chinese: Graham.
T111.2.1.1. T111.2.1.1. Star-wife gives birth to a human baby. Chinese: Graham.
T111.2.2. T111.2.2. Marriage of mortal and moon. (Cf. A753.1.) Eskimo (Kodiak): Golder JAFL XVI 29, (West Hudson Bay): Boas BAM XV 307, (Cumberland Sound): ibid. 198, (Greenland): Holm 47, Rasmussen III 307; S. A. Indian (Viracocha): Steward-Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 550.
T111.2.3. T111.2.3. Sun has a woman for his wife. S. A. Indian (Warrau): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 145.
T111.3. T111.3. Marriage of man with woman who has come from an egg. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T111.4. T111.4. God as lover of giantess (18 giantesses). Icelandic: *Boberg.
T111.5. T111.5. Marriage of mortal and dwarf. Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 183, 209, (Labrador): Hawkes GSCan XIV 151, (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 170 – 3; Koryak: Jochelson JE VI 154, 201, 227.
T111.6. T111.6. Marriage of mortal and angel. Jewish: *Neuman.
T113. T113. Marriage to man alive by night but dead by day. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T113.1. T113.1. Sorceress marries a man every morning and transforms him to some kind of animal in the evening. (Cf. D621.) India: Thompson-Balys.
T115. T115. Man marries ogre’s daughter. India: Thompson-Balys.
T117. T117. Marriage of person and object. India: Thompson-Balys.
T117.1. T117.1. Marriage of girl to a dagger. Penzer I 242, 244.
T117.2. T117.2. Marriage of girl to a sword. Penzer I 257; India: Thompson-Balys.
T117.3. T117.3. Marriage of girl to a drum. Penzer I 257.
T117.4. T117.4. Marriage of girl to an idol. Penzer I 244.
T117.5. T117.5. Marriage with a tree. Frazer Golden Bough I 195f.; India: Thompson-Balys; N. A. Indian: Thompson Tales 304 n. 109o.
T117.5.1. T117.5.1. Marriage to tree by day, man by night. (Cf. D621.2, T113.) India: Thompson-Balys.
T117.6. T117.6. Marriage to a flower. India: Thompson-Balys.
T117.7. T117.7. Marriage to a gourd. India: Thompson-Balys.
T117.8. T117.8. Marriage to doll. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T117.9. T117.9. Marriage to river. Mono: Wheeler No. 34.
T117.10. T117.10. Plant wife (in form of a woman). Mono-Alu: Wheeler Nos. 17, 35.
T117.11. T117.11. Marriage to a statue. Saintyves Saints Successeurs 255 – 57.
T118. T118. Girl (man) married to (enamored of) a monster. *Types 306, 506; *Liljeblad passim; *BP III 83; *Kittredge Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology VIII 250; Irish myth: *Cross; India: *Thompson-Balys; Japanese: Ikeda.
T118.1. T118.1. Monster husband invisible. Africa (Basuto): Jacottet 152ff. No. 22.
T118.2. T118.2. Marriage of dragon girl to orphan boy. Chinese: Graham.
T121. T121. Unequal marriage. Child V 500 s.v. “Unequal”; Irish myth: Cross; India: Thompson-Balys.
T121.1. T121.1. Knight weds peasant girl. English: Wells 60 (Syre Gowene and the Carle of Carelyle).
T121.2. T121.2. Noblewoman weds shepherd. Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles No. 57; Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T121.3. T121.3. Princess marries courtier. Italian Novella: *Rotunda; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T121.3.1. T121.3.1. Princess marries lowly man. (Cf. L161.1.) Jewish: Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T121.4. T121.4. Ruler marries fugitive noblewoman. Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T121.5. T121.5. Wealthy girl marries deformed and penniless philosopher. Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T121.5.1. T121.5.1. Princess marries saint. India: Thompson-Balys.
T121.5.2. T121.5.2. Rich girl marries fakir. India: Thompson-Balys.
T121.6. T121.6. Man weds his bondmaid. Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: Neuman.
T121.7. T121.7. Rich girl marries servant. Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 249.
T121.8. T121.8. King (rich man) weds common girl. (Cf. L162, T91.6.2.) Icelandic: *Boberg; India: *Thompson-Balys; Buddhist myth: Malalasekera I 938, II 1091.
T121.8.1. T121.8.1. Infertile raja marries beggar woman in hope of having a son. India: Thompson-Balys.
T122. T122. Marriage by royal order. Widow hesitates to marry. Queen sends her a letter ordering her to marry the bearer (a suitor). Italian Novella: Rotunda; India: Thompson-Balys.
T125. T125. Lazy boy and industrious girl matched. Jesus (incognito) as matchmaker. *Type 822.
T125.1. T125.1. Fool given intelligent wife; lame man hardworking wife. India: Thompson-Balys.
T125.2. T125.2. Blind girl marries lame man. (Cf. H886.) India: Thompson-Balys.
T126. T126. Fantastic marriage.
T126.1. T126.1. Marriage of Mother Earth and ogre. India: Thompson-Balys.
T126.2. T126.2. Marriage of mountain and cockle-shell. India: Thompson-Balys.
T126.3. T126.3. Marriage of earth and sky. India: Thompson-Balys.
T130. T130. Marriage customs. Jewish: *Neuman.
T131. T131. Marriage restrictions.
T131.0.1. T131.0.1. Princess has unrestricted choice of husband. (Cf. T55.7.) India: *Thompson-Balys.
T131.0.1.1. T131.0.1.1. Father promises that girl may wed only man of her choice. Irish myth: Cross; Icelandic: *Boberg.
T131.1. T131.1. Relative’s consent to marriage necessary.
T131.1.1. T131.1.1. Brother‘s consent for sister’s marriage needed. Child I 142ff.; Heptameron No. 40; Icelandic: *Boberg; Japanese: Ikeda.
T131.1.2. T131.1.2. Father‘s consent to son’s (daughter‘s) marriage necessary. Irish myth: Cross; Icelandic: Boberg.
T131.1.2.1. T131.1.2.1. Girl must marry father’s choice. Irish myth: Cross (T131.8.1); Icelandic: *Boberg.
T131.1.2.2. T131.1.2.2. King chooses bridegroom for daughter from boys‘ pictures. India: Thompson-Balys.
T131.1.2.3. T131.1.2.3. Father demands that son break all relations with his beloved. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T131.1.2.4. T131.1.2.4. Son refuses to marry father’s choice. India: Thompson-Balys.
T131.1.3. T131.1.3. Marriage against will of parents. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T131.2. T131.2. Younger child may not marry before elder. Hdwb. d. Abergl. II 566; Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: Rittershaus No. 2; Indonesia: Pleyte Bataksche Vertellingen 184f., Wilken Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië I 142; Africa (Zulu): Callaway 323.
T131.3. T131.3. Eldest daughter will marry man only if he will marry all her sisters too. Africa (Angola): Chatelain 119 No. 10.
T131.4. T131.4. Widow may not remarry. *Frazer Pausanias III 198.
T131.5. T131.5. Exogamy. Marriage only outside the group. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T131.5.1. T131.5.1. Marriage within clans sanctioned because of incest-origin of tribe. India: Thompson-Balys.
T131.6. T131.6. Girl will marry on condition she is to be only wife. Irish myth: Cross.
T131.7. T131.7. King may not marry girl who has been wife of another. Irish myth: *Cross; Jewish: Neuman.
T131.8. T131.8. Different religion as obstacle for marriage. India: Thompson-Balys.
T131.9. T131.9. Brahmin may marry from all four castes. India: Thompson-Balys.
T132. T132. Preparation for wedding.
T132.1. T132.1. Girl fattened before wedding. Africa (Zulu): Callaway 202, (Kaffir): Theal 67, (Ekoi): Talbot 7, 357.
T132.2. T132.2. Parents become servants to secure funds for wedding. India: Thompson-Balys.
T133. T133. Travel to wedding.
T133.1. T133.1. Faithful servant accompanies bride to new home. Icelandic: *Boberg; Spanish: Espinosa Jr. No. 93.
T133.2. T133.2. Royal bride conducted by embassy to husband‘s kingdom. (Cf. T51.) Dickson 31.
T133.3. T133.3. Drummer beats drums before bride on way to wedding. Nouvelles Récréations No. 49.
T133.4. T133.4. Bridegroom and his men come for the bride. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T133.5. T133.5. Mounting upon horse to fetch bride. India: Thompson-Balys.
T133.6. T133.6. Groom’s mother visits bride-to-be and puts the betrothal ring on her finger. India: Thompson-Balys.
T134. T134. Conduct of bridal couple before ceremony.
T134.1. T134.1. Bridal couple must never see each other before wedding. Chinese: Werner 375.
T134.2. T134.2. Betrothed parties do not see each other until night of the wedding. India: Thompson-Balys.
T134.3. T134.3. Man who has once been married helps groom to dress for wedding. India: Thompson-Balys.
T135. T135. Wedding ceremony.
T135.1. T135.1. Marriage formula: “You are mine and I am yours”. *BP II 58.
T135.2. T135.2. Touching of privates considered a marriage pact. Koryak: *Jochelson JE VI 381.
T135.3. T135.3. Wedding by proxy. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.3.1. T135.3.1. Sword and shield as proxy at wedding ceremony. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.4. T135.4. Groom‘s sword makes vermillion mark on bride’s forehead as wedding ceremony. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.5. T135.5. Marriage by exchange of garlands. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.6. T135.6. Marriage by drinking festival. (Cf. T136.1.) Icelandic: Boberg.
T135.7. T135.7. The bride must have someone to give her away, usually her father or brother. Icelandic: Boberg.
T135.8. T135.8. Two or more weddings at one time as the end of a tale. Icelandic: *Boberg; India: Thompson-Balys.
T135.9. T135.9. Wedding ceremony in church. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T135.10. T135.10. Marriage custom: going round and round fire (pillar, etc.). India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.11. T135.11. Bride and groom drink from same cup as part of ceremony. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T135.12. T135.12. Bodies of would-be bride and groom besmeared with turmeric and mustard-oil. India: Thompson-Balys.
T135.13. T135.13. Bride and groom look into a big mirror while old member of family knocks both their heads together. India: Thompson-Balys.
T135.14. T135.14. Wedding-canopy over bride and groom. Jewish: *Neuman.
T135.15. T135.15. Breaking a glass during wedding ceremony. Jewish: *Neuman.
T136. T136. Accompaniments of wedding.
T136.1. T136.1. Wedding feast. Icelandic: *Boberg; India: Thompson-Balys; Africa (Zulu): Callaway 66.
T136.2. T136.2. Rice thrown at weddings. *Crane Vitry 249 No. 265; Herbert III 22; *Hdwb. d. Abergl. I 1649, III 385f., IV 168f.; Frazer Golden Bough I 254; Mannhardt Wald und Feldkulte I 222.
T136.3. T136.3. Amusements at wedding. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T136.3.1. T136.3.1. Dancing at wedding. Jewish: Neuman.
T136.3.2. T136.3.2. Marriage odes sung at wedding feast. Jewish: *Neuman.
T136.4. T136.4. Gifts at wedding. Jewish: *Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T136.4.1. T136.4.1. Gifts for bridal couple by a special ceremony with the bride on a bridebench. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T136.4.2. T136.4.2. Parting gifts after wedding. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T136.4.3. T136.4.3. Bride scatters presents among groom’s relations. India: Thompson-Balys.
T137. T137. Customs following wedding.
T137.1. T137.1. Advice to a parting bride. Dickson 165 n. 10.
T137.2. T137.2. Bride and bridegroom conducted to bridal bed. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T137.2.1. T137.2.1. Bride and groom simultaneously touch hearthstones and put one foot down inside threshold as they enter groom‘s house. India: Thompson-Balys.
T137.3. T137.3. Groom invited after marriage ceremony into female apartments to eat wedding breakfast with the bride. India: Thompson-Balys.
T137.4. T137.4. Groom becomes a member of bride’s family. India: Thompson-Balys.
T137.5. T137.5. Bride (and party) fetched by groom and party after wedding. India: Thompson-Balys.
T137.6. T137.6. Journey to husband‘s home accompanied by attendants. India: Thompson-Balys.
T141. T141. Assignment of bride to another. Icelandic: Boberg.
T141.1. T141.1. Dying man assigns bride to his brother. Child I 376, 378 n.
T141.2. T141.2. Wives exchanged. Irish myth: *Cross; India: Thompson-Balys; Eskimo (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 223, (Greenland): Holm 75.
T141.3. T141.3. Hero assigns the bride he has won to another. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T143. T143. Infant marriages. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T145. T145. Polygamous marriages. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: *Boberg; Jewish: *Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys; Africa (Duala): Lederbogen Märchen 82, (Fang): Trilles Legends 263f.
T145.0.1. T145.0.1. Polygyny. Irish myth: Cross.
T145.1. T145.1. Marriage to five women, each with separate duties. India: Thompson-Balys; Africa (Benga): Nassau 169 No. 22.
T145.1.1. T145.1.1. Man requires seven women. Irish myth: Cross.
T145.1.2. T145.1.2. Seven wives each to have the husband one day a week. India: Thompson-Balys.
T145.1.3. T145.1.3. Man married to several sisters. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T145.2. T145.2. Second wife taken because first is barren. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T145.3. T145.3. Competition in ale-brewing between king’s two wives. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T145.4. T145.4. Man‘s two wives each claim part of his body: they torment him. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T145.5. T145.5. Man pulled down stairs by his two wives. India: Thompson-Balys.
T145.6. T145.6. Polygamist must love all his wives. India: Thompson-Balys.
T145.7. T145.7. Man’s senior wife ugly but diligent; his second, beautiful but lazy. Africa (Fang): Trilles 264.
T145.8. T145.8. Polygamy so that head wife may be quickly replaced for wrongdoing. Africa (Konnoh): Willans 139.
T146. T146. Polyandry. Woman with two husbands. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: Boberg; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T146.1. T146.1. Several men marry one woman. Grimm No. 4; Jewish: Neuman.
T146.2. T146.2. Woman requires thirty men. Irish myth: Cross.
T147. T147. Marriages made at annual festival. Irish myth: *Cross; India: Thompson-Balys.
T148. T148. Matriarchy. Irish myth: *Cross; Jewish: Neuman.
T148.1. T148.1. Son named for mother. Irish myth: *Cross.
T150. T150. Happenings at weddings. *Hdwb. d. Abergl. IV 148ff.; India: Thompson-Balys.
T151. T151. Year’s respite from unwelcome marriage. *Type 300, 301; *Loomis White Magic 120; Irish myth: *Cross; Welsh: MacCulloch Celtic 94; English: Wells 135 (Sir Degare); Icelandic: *Boberg; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T151.0.1. T151.0.1. Respite ruse. Captive maiden assigns quest, agreeing to marry when it is accomplished. Irish myth: *Cross.
T151.0.2. T151.0.2. Father giving away daughter makes condition: son-in-law not to see daughter as his wife during one year. Africa (Dahome): Einstein 25.
T151.1. T151.1. Six months‘ respite from unwelcome marriage. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T151.2. T151.2. Thirty days’ respite from unwelcome marriage. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T151.3. T151.3. Other respites from unwelcome marriage (three months, two years, etc.). India: *Thompson-Balys.
T152. T152. Bride wounded accidentally on way home. Fatal wound from bridegroom‘s sword. Child I 142b.
T153. T153. Bridegroom slain on way to bride. Child I 142, 386, IV 179ff.
T154. T154. Cruel stepmother enchants stepdaughter on eve of wedding. (Cf. D5, S31.) Icelandic: Boberg.
T155. T155. Old beggar transforms wedding party into wolves. (Cf. D113.1.) Dh III 454; Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 14 No. 75, XXXIII 53 No. 75; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 130 No. 73, 145 No. 38; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3674; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 63 No. 160.
T156. T156. Marriage for a night to evade law. In order to have girl escape unwelcome marriage, the hero agrees to marry her and give her up the next day. He puts up a large bond as pledge to give her up. But he gets hold of the money by trickery and keeps her. *Chauvin V 45 No. 18 n. 1.
T156.1. T156.1. Marriage for a night to insure heir of warrior destined to be slain (next day) in battle. Irish myth: *Cross.
T157. T157. Affianced wife of chieftain falls in love with another man at betrothal feast, drugs the company with sleeping potion, and forces man of her choice to elope with her. Irish myth: *Cross.
T160. T160. Consummation of marriage. India: Thompson-Balys.
T161. T161. Jus primae noctis. Overlord claims right of sleeping the first night with subject‘s wife. Liebrecht Orient und Occident II 541f., Liebrecht 94, 416; Herrmann Saxo II 324; *Hertz Abhandlungen 207ff.; *Hdwb. d. Abergl. III 746; *Wesselski Archiv Orientální I 82f. – Irish: MacCulloch Celtic 140, *Cross; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 319 No. 21; French: Sébillot France IV 285; Jewish: *bin Gorion Born Judas@2 I 363, *Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys.
T161.0.1. T161.0.1. King deflowers all twelve year old girls. India: Thompson-Balys.
T161.1. T161.1. Lover allowed to sleep with woman first few nights after her marriage to another. India: Thompson-Balys.
T162. T162. Feast of “bedding and handspreading” before consummation of marriage. Irish myth: Cross.
T165. T165. Girl may remain virgin for three days after marriage. (Cf. C117.) *Fb “brud” IV 64b; *DeVries Zs. f. deutsche Philologie LIII 276f.; Hdwb: d. Abergl. III 739; Icelandic: *Boberg; Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T165.1. T165.1. Consummation of marriage postponed until revelation by dream of future of family has been secured. DeVries Zs. f. deutsche Philologie LIII 277.
T165.2. T165.2. One year to elapse between ceremony and consummation of marriage. Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T165.3. T165.3. Twenty-four hours to elapse before consummation of marriage. Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T165.4. T165.4. Bride and groom separated on wedding night. Italian Novella: Rotunda.
T165.5. T165.5. Three years asked before consummation of marriage as trick. Icelandic: *Boberg.
T165.6. T165.6. Consummation of marriage postponed till couple return home. India: Thompson-Balys.
T165.7. T165.7. For first six months bride of prince is only to sit an hour or two in his house. India: Thompson-Balys.
T166. T166. Bride afraid of intercourse refuses consummation until judge orders it in court. Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles No. 86.
T166.1. T166.1. Bride refuses to sleep with ugly groom. India: Thompson-Balys.
T166.2. T166.2. Bridegroom must be taught sexual intercourse. Chinese: Graham.
T171. T171. Bridegroom driven from bridal chamber by magic. Usually by hornets or wasps. *Type 559; *BP II 454; Italian: Basile Pentamerone III No. 5; Japanese: Ikeda; N. A. Indian: Thompson CColl II 411ff.
T172. T172. Dangers to husband in bridal chamber. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T172.0.1. T172.0.1. All husbands have perished on bridal night. See references to F547.1.1, F582, F582.1. *Types 506 – 08; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T172.1. T172.1. Bridal chamber filled with coiled snakes. Greek: Frazer Apollodorus I 93.
T172.2. T172.2. Bridal chamber invaded by magic dragon (serpent). (Cf. B176.1.) *Types 507AB, 516; Liljeblad passim; Italian: Basile Pentamerone IV No. 9; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T172.2.1. T172.2.1. Grateful dead man kills princess’s monster husband. (Or otherwise renders her innocuous to the bridegroom.) *Type 506 – 08.
T172.3. T172.3. Bride‘s monster-father tries to kill husband, but is defeated. Icelandic: Boberg.
T173. T173. Murderous bride. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T173.1. T173.1. Strong bride tries to stifle husband in bed. *Type 519.
T173.2. T173.2. Hostile brides kill husbands in the bridal bed. *Encyc. Britannica 13 s.v. “Danaus”; Frazer Apollodorus I 143 n. 1; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 306A*; India: *Thompson-Balys.
T175. T175. Magic perils threaten bridal couple. The perils are various – magic horse, poison, enchanted clothes, etc. *Type 516; **Rösch FFC LXXVII 123ff.; Italian: Basile Pentamerone IV No. 9; India: *Thompson-Balys; Korean: Zong in-Sob 155 No. 68.
T175.1. T175.1. Falling furniture threatens bridal couple. Furniture etc. arranged by jealous rival so that it will fall. India: *Thompson-Balys.
T177. T177. Bridegroom magically impelled to leave his bride. Irish myth: *Cross; Italian: Basile Pentamerone I Nos. 7, 9. See also all references to Forgotten Fiancée (D2003).
T181. T181. Dangerous husband. (Cf. T172.) India: Thompson-Balys.
T182. T182. Death from intercourse. India: Thompson-Balys.
T190. T190. Marriage – miscellaneous motifs.
T192. T192. Marriage by force. India: Thompson-Balys.
|