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F450. F450. Underground spirits. (Cf. F200 – F399, Fairies and Elves.) Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 4ff., (1928) 9ff.; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 228ff.; Finnish: Holmberg Finno-Ugric 178; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 45ff.; Persian Carnoy 298.
F450.0.1. F450.0.1. Voetter (generalized underground spirit). Scandinavian: *Hartmann 30 – 32.
F450.1. F450.1. Helpful underground spirit.
F450.1.1. F450.1.1. Helpful spirit warriors dwell in rocks and hills. N. A. Indian (Cherokee): Alexander N. Am. 68.
F450.1.2. F450.1.2. Underground spirit instructs a smith. (Cf. F451.3.4.2.) Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 126 No. 57.
F451. F451. Dwarf.1 (Underground spirit.) The dwarf, especially in Northern Europe, is considered an underground spirit. He is to be distinguished from the other conception of dwarf, viz., a very small person, pigmy, or thumbling (F535). Types 480, 403B; *Roberts 123; **Lutjens Der Zwerg in der deutschen Heldendichtung des Mittelalters (Breslau, 1911); *Wehrhan 67; *Thien 42; *Gould Scandinavian Studies and Notes IX 190; *De Boor Der Zwerg in Skandinavien (Mogk Festschrift 536); *Ritchie Zwerge in Geschichte u. Überlieferung (Globus LXXXII 101); *Tegethoff Schweiz. Archiv f. Vksk. XXIV 147; Jensen Zs. f. Vksk. II 407; *Hdwb. d. Abergl. IX Nachträge 1008 – 1120. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 264ff., 287; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892, new series 1928); Norwegian: Solheim Register 18; French: F. Wolgemuth Riesen u. Zwerge in der altfranzösischen erzählenden Dichtung (Tübingen, 1906); Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 326; N. A. Indian: *Thompson Tales 356 n. 287a. See also F200 – F399 (Fairies and Elves), F420 (Water-spirits), and F460 (Mountain-spirits) for many common motifs.
F451.0.1. F451.0.1. Luchrupáin (leprechauns) (as fairies). Irish myth: *Cross.
F451.1. F451.1. Origin of dwarfs. *Fb “dværg” I 220b; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 264f., Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 3ff., (1928) 7ff.
F451.1.1. F451.1.1. Dwarfs originate from maggots in flesh of giant. Norse: De la Saussaye 318.
F451.1.1.1. F451.1.1.1. Dwarfs originate from the blood and bones of giant. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 264.
F451.1.2. F451.1.2. Murderer‘s children become dwarfs. *Fb “dværg” I 220b.
F451.1.3. F451.1.3. Dwarfs came after giants had almost died out. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54.
F451.1.4. F451.1.4. Dwarfs came into the land 1000 years before mortals came. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54.
F451.1.5. F451.1.5. Dwarf as reincarnation.
F451.1.5.1. F451.1.5.1. Dwarf as reincarnation of rat. Korean: Zong in-Sob 64.
F451.2. F451.2. Appearance of dwarf. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271, *Boberg.
F451.2.0.1. F451.2.0.1. Dwarfs are ugly. German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 41.
F451.2.0.2. F451.2.0.2. Dwarfs are grown over with moss. German: Pröhle 113 No. 298.
F451.2.0.3. F451.2.0.3. Dwarfs walk stooped. German: Findeisen 39 No. 43.
F451.2.0.4. F451.2.0.4. Dwarfs appear nodding and anxious to speak. German: Bindewald 84.
F451.2.0.5. F451.2.0.5. During the day dwarfs appear in form of toads or other vermin. German: Haas Greifswald. 36 No. 39, 38 No. 40.
F451.2.0.6. F451.2.0.6. Dwarfs are pale. Icelandic: Boberg.
F451.2.1. F451.2.1. Body of dwarf.
F451.2.1.1. F451.2.1.1. Dwarfs are small. (Cf. F239.4.3, F441.5.1.) German: Eckart 20, Bindewald 56, 83f, 87, 188, Findeisen 3 No. 5, 39 No. 43, Pröhle Unterharzische 113 No. 298.
F451.2.1.2. F451.2.1.2. Dwarf with body like tailless hen. Tobler 59.
F451.2.1.3. F451.2.1.3. Dwarf with small body and large head. *Fb “dværg” I 220b; Zs. f. d. Phil. XXVI 12f.
F451.2.1.4. F451.2.1.4. Hunchback dwarf. (Cf. F420.1.4.4.) Africa (Gold Coast): Barker and Sinclair 63 No. 9.
F451.2.2. F451.2.2. Feet of dwarf.
F451.2.2.1. F451.2.2.1. Dwarf’s feet twisted backward. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 322 No. 86.
F451.2.2.2. F451.2.2.2. Dwarf with bird feet. (Cf. F401.3.5. and cross-references.) *Gaster Germania XXV 290ff.; Tobler 60; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271.
F451.2.2.3. F451.2.2.3. Dwarfs with goat feet. (Cf. B24, F442.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271.
F451.2.3. F451.2.3. The beards of dwarfs.
F451.2.3.1. F451.2.3.1. Long-bearded dwarf. (Cf. F451.6.1.) *Type 426; Köhler-Bolte I 545; Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. “nain”; Missouri French: Carrière.
F451.2.3.1.1. F451.2.3.1.1. Dwarfs have long beards in three strands. Tegethoff Schweiz. Archiv f. Vksk. XXIV 148.
F451.2.3.2. F451.2.3.2. Dwarfs have gray beards. German: Eckart 22, Kahlo Harzes 55 No. 92, Bindewald 56.
F451.2.4. F451.2.4. The hair of dwarfs.
F451.2.4.1. F451.2.4.1. Dwarfs have coarse hair. German: Eckart 20, Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II.
F451.2.4.2. F451.2.4.2. Dwarfs have silvery white hair. German: Bindewald 56.
F451.2.5. F451.2.5. Face of dwarf.
F451.2.5.1. F451.2.5.1. Dwarfs have old face. Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 30 No. 263; German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II.
F451.2.6. F451.2.6. Other bodily characteristics of dwarfs.
F451.2.7. F451.2.7. Dress of dwarf.
F451.2.7.1. F451.2.7.1. Dwarfs with red heads and red caps. (Cf. F236.3.2, F460.1.4.2.) Fb “rød” III 116b, “rød dreng” III 117b; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 30 No. 263.
F451.2.7.2. F451.2.7.2. Dwarf clad in green. (Cf. F420.1.6.6.3.) English: Wells 134 (Sir Degare); Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 6ff., (1928) 11ff.
F451.2.7.3. F451.2.7.3. Dwarfs referred to as “gray”, not specifying whether as to dress or hair. (Cf. F236.1.4, F420.1.6.6.2.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271; German: Schöppner I 169 No. 163, I 354 No. 351, Bindewald 83, 84, 188.
F451.2.7.4. F451.2.7.4. Dwarfs clad in white. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 266; German: Kahlo Harzes 69 No. 109.
F451.2.7.5. F451.2.7.5. Dwarfs wear red coats. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 272, *Boberg; German: Kapff 45, Schöppner I 354 No. 351.
F451.2.7.6. F451.2.7.6. Dwarfs wear peculiar caps. (Cf. F451.2.7.1.) German: Kapff 45.
F451.2.7.7. F451.2.7.7. Dwarf king wears costly crown. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II.
F451.2.7.8. F451.2.7.8. Dwarf clad in brown. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 266.
F451.2.7.9. F451.2.7.9. Dwarf clad in black. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 266, 268.
F451.2.7.10. F451.2.7.10. Dwarfs clad in motley. German: Grimm No. 163.
F451.2.8. F451.2.8. Voice of dwarfs (echo). Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269, *Boberg.
F451.3. F451.3. Characteristics of dwarfs.
F451.3.1. F451.3.1. Power of dwarf in his belt. *Fb “bælte” IV 84a.
F451.3.2. F451.3.2. Dwarf rendered powerless.
F451.3.2.1. F451.3.2.1. Dwarfs turn to stone at sunrise. Hdwb. d. Märchens I 433a nn. 86 – 91; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 10, 197, 269, 270.
F451.3.2.1.1. F451.3.2.1.1. Dwarf prevented from getting into his stone before sunrise till he promises to do what hero demands (especially forge weapons). (Cf. D451.3.4.2, D451.4.1.12, F451.5.2.13.) Icelandic: *Boberg.
F451.3.2.1.2. F451.3.2.1.2. Dwarf otherwise caught and thus forced to procure what hero demands. Icelandic: Völsunga saga ch. 14, Þiðriks saga I 34 – 38, Boberg.
F451.3.2.2. F451.3.2.2. Dwarfs must return to spirit world by 1 a.m. German: Eckart 69, Winckler 56 No. 57.
F451.3.2.3. F451.3.2.3. Dwarfs cannot harm mortal with circle drawn around him. German: Eckart 69.
F451.3.2.4. F451.3.2.4. Dwarf can be killed only with snowball. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 248.
F451.3.3. F451.3.3. Dwarf as magician. Dickson 219 n. 8; Icelandic: *Boberg; German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II.
F451.3.3.0.1. F451.3.3.0.1. Dwarf can take what shape he wants. Icelandic: Völsunga saga ch. 14 (Andvari), Zs. f. d. Phil. XXVI 12 – 13, Göngu-Hrólfs saga 307ff., Boberg.
F451.3.3.1. F451.3.3.1. Dwarfs turn peas into gold pieces. German: Karstens-Goslar 102.
F451.3.3.2. F451.3.3.2. Dwarf turns gold into lead. German: Förstner Kyffhäusersagen 22.
F451.3.3.3. F451.3.3.3. Dwarfs transform people (animals). German: Ey 9, Kahlo Harzes 30 No. 51.
F451.3.3.4. F451.3.3.4. Dwarfs free mortals from enchantment. German: Bindewald 56, 142, Findeisen 39 No. 43.
F451.3.3.5. F451.3.3.5. Dwarfs bewitch cows to give no milk. German: Karstens-Goslar 103.
F451.3.3.5.1. F451.3.3.5.1. Dwarfs bewitch people. Icelandic: Göngu-Hrólfs saga 300, *Boberg.
F451.3.3.6. F451.3.3.6. Dwarfs fly through air. German: Pröhle Unterharzische 171 No. 453.
F451.3.3.7. F451.3.3.7. Dwarfs predict. Irish myth: Cross; Icelandic: *Boberg; German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 155, Bindewald 188.
F451.3.3.8. F451.3.3.8. Dwarfs made invisible by magic caps. (Cf. F451.5.1.7., F455.5.3.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269; German: Eckart 7, 27, 79, Pröhle Harzsagen Nos. 220, 220 I, 229, Sieber 62, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368.
F451.3.4. F451.3.4. Dwarfs as workmen. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 54 Nos. 52, 53.
F451.3.4.0.1. F451.3.4.0.1. Dwarf workmen heard at night. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 55 No. 61.
F451.3.4.1. F451.3.4.1. Dwarfs as artificers. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 123, 265ff., *Boberg.
F451.3.4.1.1. F451.3.4.1.1. Dwarfs build tower. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 54 No. 51.
F451.3.4.2. F451.3.4.2. Dwarfs as smiths. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 23ff., (1928) 26ff.; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 66, 266ff., *Boberg; German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54, Karstens-Goslar 135.
F451.3.4.3. F451.3.4.3. Dwarfs do farming. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270; German: Haas Greifswald. 46 No. 54.
F451.3.4.4. F451.3.4.4. Dwarf sews. Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. “nain”; Icelandic: Boberg.
F451.3.4.5. F451.3.4.5. Dwarf bakes bread. *Boberg DF XLVI; Hoffman-Krayer Zs. f. Vksk. XXV 119 n. 4; German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.3.4.6. F451.3.4.6. Dwarfs spin. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270, 271; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 53ff., (1928) 46ff.
F451.3.4.7. F451.3.4.7. Dwarfs churn. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 460.
F451.3.4.8. F451.3.4.8. Dwarfs carry water. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 47ff., (1928) 42ff.
F451.3.4.9. F451.3.4.9. Dwarf expert at making palm wine. Africa (Upoto): Einstein 133.
F451.3.4.10. F451.3.4.10. Dwarf splits wood using penis as wedge. Africa (Fang): Tessman 136.
F451.3.4.11. F451.3.4.11. Dwarf can draw entrails out of elephant. Africa (Fang): Tessman 139.
F451.3.5. F451.3.5. Dwarfs are subject to laws of nature.
F451.3.5.1. F451.3.5.1. Dwarfs die. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 130; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 75ff., 94ff., (1928) 62ff., 76ff.; German: Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 292, Sieber 61.
F451.3.5.2. F451.3.5.2. Dwarfs become ill. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 189, Sieber 60.
F451.3.5.3. F451.3.5.3. Dwarf children are hungry. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.3.5.4. F451.3.5.4. Dwarfs have blood. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 294.
F451.3.5.5. F451.3.5.5. Dwarf women bear children. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 74, (1928) 63.
F451.3.6. F451.3.6. Dwarfs are sensitive.
F451.3.6.1. F451.3.6.1. Dwarf is insulted when scolded. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 55 No. 64; German: Schöppner I 264 No. 271.
F451.3.6.2. F451.3.6.2. Dwarfs dislike teasing. (Cf. F451.9.1.7.) German: Sieber 61.
F451.3.6.3. F451.3.6.3. Dwarfs dislike tobacco smoke. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 IV.
F451.3.6.4. F451.3.6.4. Dwarfs accept as gift goose but not gander. German: Kapff 45.
F451.3.6.5. F451.3.6.5. Dwarfs timorous.
F451.3.6.5.1. F451.3.6.5.1. Dwarfs fear the dark. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen I 256.
F451.3.6.5.2. F451.3.6.5.2. Dwarfs fear dogs. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen I 256.
F451.3.7. F451.3.7. Dwarfs are particular as to food.
F451.3.7.1. F451.3.7.1. Dwarfs dislike caraway seed in food. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 229, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 367, Sieber 61f.
F451.3.7.2. F451.3.7.2. Dwarfs dislike bread baked without salt. German: Sieber 61.
F451.3.7.3. F451.3.7.3. Dwarfs given inedible food to eat. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 55ff. No. 66.
F451.3.8. F451.3.8. Dwarfs are strong.
F451.3.8.1. F451.3.8.1. Dwarf carries mortal down from Hibichenstein. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 III.
F451.3.9. F451.3.9. Dwarfs are weak.
F451.3.9.1. F451.3.9.1. Dwarf groans while carrying an ear of corn. German: Schöppner I 264 No. 271.
F451.3.10. F451.3.10. Dwarfs are droll. German: Winckler 34 No. 24.
F451.3.11. F451.3.11. Great age of dwarfs. BP I 497; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271; German: Bindewald 56, Pröhle Unterharz. 112 Nos. 293, 295, Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II.
F451.3.12. F451.3.12. Dwarfs are intelligent. Irish myth: *Cross.
F451.3.12.1. F451.3.12.1. Dwarfs know herbs. German: Kahlo Harz. 26 No. 47, Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 II, Kapff 44, 45.
F451.3.12.2. F451.3.12.2. Dwarfs are sensible. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 113 No. 298.
F451.3.12.3. F451.3.12.3. Dwarfs are wise. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 92, 265, *Boberg.
F451.3.12.4. F451.3.12.4. Dwarfs cut runes. Icelandic: Boberg.
F451.3.13. F451.3.13. Dwarfs are ill-mannered.
F451.3.13.1. F451.3.13.1. Eating dwarfs smack like hogs. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 229.
F451.3.13.2. F451.3.13.2. Dwarfs chatter. German: Karstens-Goslar 122.
F451.3.13.2.1. F451.3.13.2.1. Dwarfs chatter like geese. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 229, Sieber 62.
F451.3.13.3. F451.3.13.3. Dwarf breaks wind so hard he capsizes canoes. Marquesas: Handy 126.
F451.3.14. F451.3.14. Dwarfs are numerous.
F451.3.14.1. F451.3.14.1. Dwarfs come into the land by the hundreds. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54.
F451.3.15. F451.3.15. Dwarfs are superstitious.
F451.3.15.1. F451.3.15.1. Dwarfs are superstitious about the three sevens in 1777. (Cf. F451.9.1.3.) German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 60.
F451.3.16. F451.3.16. Dwarfs are artful. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 268 – 69.
F451.4. F451.4. Home of dwarfs.
F451.4.1. F451.4.1. Dwarfs live under the ground. Icelandic: Göngu-Hrólfs saga 308, MacCulloch Eddic 265, 269; German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54; Missouri French: Carrière.
F451.4.1.1. F451.4.1.1. Dwarfs live in caves. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184, Eckart 7, 27, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 367, Boberg.
F451.4.1.2. F451.4.1.2. Dwarfs live in underground castle. German: Kapff 44.
F451.4.1.3. F451.4.1.3. Dwarfs live in luxurious underground palace. German: Pröhle Harzsagen No. 137 III.
F451.4.1.4. F451.4.1.4. Dwarfs live in underground passage. German: Schöppner I 264 No. 271.
F451.4.1.5. F451.4.1.5. Dwarf home is underground, beneath cow stable. (Cf. F451.4.4.3.) Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 46 No. 387; German: Findeisen No. 5.
F451.4.1.6. F451.4.1.6. Dwarfs undermine lowlands for homes. German: Haas Greifswald 39 No. 42.
F451.4.1.7. F451.4.1.7. Entrance to dwarf home leads through some filthy place under the swill hole or swill tub. German: Haas Greifswald. 36 No. 39, 38 No. 40.
F451.4.1.8. F451.4.1.8. Dwarfs live in the high banks of the seashore. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54.
F451.4.1.9. F451.4.1.9. Burial places (barrows, howes) as homes of dwarfs. *Gould Scandinavian Studies and Notes IX 190; Icelandic: *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) spec. 151ff., (1928) 107ff.
F451.4.1.10. F451.4.1.10. Snow melts above dwarf’s dwelling. Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 46 No. 385; Icelandic: *Boberg.
F451.4.1.11. F451.4.1.11. Dwarfs live in hills and mountains. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 267 – 70.
F451.4.1.12. F451.4.1.12. Dwarfs live in stones. (Cf. F451.3.2.1.1.) *Fb “sten” III 552b; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 265, 268 – 70, *Boberg; Danish: Schmidt DF XXXIX 27, 108ff.
F451.4.2. F451.4.2. Dwarfs have homes above the ground.
F451.4.2.1. F451.4.2.1. Dwarfs live in a cliff. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269, *Boberg; German: Eckart 20, 22; Pröhle Harz. No. 269.
F451.4.2.2. F451.4.2.2. Dwarfs live in ravines. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54.
F451.4.2.3. F451.4.2.3. Dwarfs live in a forest. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 171 No. 453, Kapff 44.
F451.4.2.4. F451.4.2.4. Dwarfs live in a church. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 294.
F451.4.2.5. F451.4.2.5. Dwarf king lives in a mill. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368.
F451.4.2.6. F451.4.2.6. Dwarfs seen on a mountain. Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 47 No. 393.
F451.4.3. F451.4.3. Description of dwarf home.
F451.4.3.1. F451.4.3.1. Dwarf cave closed by iron doors. German: Karstens-Goslar 135.
F451.4.3.1.1. F451.4.3.1.1. Dwarfs‘ rock closed by rock-door. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269.
F451.4.3.2. F451.4.3.2. Dwarf cave has large square room with little doors leading to all sides. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.4.3.3. F451.4.3.3. Dwarf cave has ceiling of mineral white as snow. German: Eckart 22.
F451.4.3.4. F451.4.3.4. Dwarf home has chandelier of crystals and gems. (Cf. F420.2.1.) German: Eckart 22.
F451.4.3.5. F451.4.3.5. Floors in dwarf home are covered with pine twigs. German: Eckart 22.
F451.4.3.6. F451.4.3.6. Dwarfs’ castle of gold. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 319, 265.
F451.4.3.7. F451.4.3.7. Magic flower opens dwarf home. German: Beckstein 6, Winckler 34 No. 24, Karstens-Goslar 41, Schöppner I 165 No. 158.
F451.4.3.8. F451.4.3.8. Dwarfs‘ house of reeds. German: Grimm Nos. 55, 163, 169.
F451.4.3.9. F451.4.3.9. Dwarfs’ house covered with skin of fabulous six-legged animal. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 247.
F451.4.4. F451.4.4. Home of dwarfs is endangered or destroyed.
F451.4.4.1. F451.4.4.1. Dwarfs resentful that mortals shoot at birds above Hibichenstein, because this crumbles away the cliff. German: Eckart 22, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 III.
F451.4.4.2. F451.4.4.2. Thirty-Years War destroys home of dwarfs. German: Eckart 22, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 III.
F451.4.4.3. F451.4.4.3. Dwarfs request that cow stable be moved because it is above their home and the seepage strikes their dining table. (Cf. F381.7, F451.4.1.5.) Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 325ff., (1928) 207ff.; German: Findeisen 3 No. 5; Icelandic: Boberg.
F451.4.4.3.1. F451.4.4.3.1. Dwarf wishes death to mortal who throws water on his dunghill home. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen I 254.
F451.4.5. F451.4.5. Government among dwarfs.
F451.4.5.1. F451.4.5.1. Dwarfs are ruled by a king. Irish myth: *Cross; German: Eckart 7, 20, 22, Ey 29, Kahlo Harz. 30 No. 51, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II MacCulloch Eddic 266, 271, 272.
F451.4.6. F451.4.6. In dwarf land sunrise is at midnight. German: Eckart 7.
F451.5. F451.5. Dwarfs and human beings.
F451.5.1. F451.5.1. Helpful dwarfs. *Types 403, 709; BP I 450 ff.; Böcklen Sneewittchenstudien 84f.; BP I 99, Dickson 218. – Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270, 272, *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 53ff., 437 – 38, (1928) 47ff.; German: Eckart 79, Ey 29, Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54, Haas Greifswald 36 No. 39, Bindewald 56, 84, Kapff 45; Spanish: Boggs FFC XC 41 No. 301; Africa (Gold Coast): Barker and Sinclair 63 No. 9.
F451.5.1.1. F451.5.1.1. Dwarf as godfather. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 308 No. 4.
F451.5.1.2. F451.5.1.2. Dwarfs adopt girl as sister. *Type 709; BP I 450ff.; *Böcklen Sneewittchenstudien 94ff.
F451.5.1.3. F451.5.1.3. Dwarfs make new golden hair for woman. Norse: De la Saussaye 239 (Sif, Thor‘s wife).
F451.5.1.4. F451.5.1.4. Dwarfs’ gold. Seemingly worthless gift given by dwarfs turns to gold. *Type 503; Feilberg DF V 50, 75, 99; Grimm Deutsche Myth. I 228f., 400. – Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 344ff., (1928) 221ff.; German: Eckart 7, 20, 27, 78, Schöppner I 169 No. 163, I 180 No. 175, Bechstein 6, Winckler 34 No. 24, Sieber 63, Kahlo Harz. 26 No. 47, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II; Russian: Ralston Songs of the Russian People 159; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 303 No. 23, 308 Nos. 2, 4, 326 No. 2; French: Sébillot France I 259; Indonesian: Voorhoeve 116 No. 93.
F451.5.1.5. F451.5.1.5. Money or treasure given by dwarfs. (Cf. F420.5.1.7.1.) Irish myth: Cross; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 268; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 46 No. 386; German: Haas Greifswald 38 No. 40, 40 No. 44, Bindewald 188, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 III, No. 168 I, No. 220 II, Schöppner I 165 No. 158, Ey 29.
F451.5.1.5.1. F451.5.1.5.1. Dwarf king turns mill which produces gold. Krappe Revue Archéologique (1931) 142ff.
F451.5.1.6. F451.5.1.6. Other gifts from dwarfs. Boberg DF XLVI 49ff.; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 267 (sword), 272, *Boberg; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 57ff. No. 71 – 105; German: Pröhle Unterharz. 150 No. 379, Karstens-Goslar 155, Ey 9, Kahlo Harz. 67 No. 107, Bechstein 6, Winckler 34 No. 24; Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 241, Rink 185, 463.
F451.5.1.6.1. F451.5.1.6.1. Dwarfs’ gifts cease when mortal betrays the source. (Cf. C420, F348.5.) Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 463.
F451.5.1.7. F451.5.1.7. Dwarfs serve mortals. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: Boberg; German: MacCulloch Eddic 270, Haas Greifswald 36 No. 39, Schöppner I 264 No. 271, I 354 Nos. 35, 35@1, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II, No. 229, Sieber 60, 283, Kapff 45.
F451.5.1.8. F451.5.1.8. Dwarf serves king sleeping in mountain (Kyffhäuser). Bechstein II 1, 6, 8, 9, Förstner Kyffhäuser 7, 9, 16f., 21f., Kahlo Harz. 51 No. 86, 71 No. 112.
F451.5.1.9. F451.5.1.9. Dwarfs direct mortals to treasure. Kahlo Harz. 54 No. 91, 67 No. 107, 69 No. 109, Karstens-Goslar 122.
F451.5.1.10. F451.5.1.10. Dwarfs heal (give medicine). Icelandic: *Boberg; German: Kahlo Harz. 26 No. 47, Kapff 44, Sieber 283, Eckhart 20.
F451.5.1.11. F451.5.1.11. Dwarfs lend to mortals. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn (1892) 19ff., (1928) 91ff.; German: Pröhle Harz Nos. 189, 269, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 367.
F451.5.1.12. F451.5.1.12. Dwarf moves mortal‘s castle from one mountain to another. German: Kahlo Harz. 55 No. 92.
F451.5.1.13. F451.5.1.13. Dwarf washes, combs, and braids hair for sleeping maids. German: Hohaus 123.
F451.5.1.14. F451.5.1.14. Dwarf conducts shepherd to hell to collect debt from nobleman. German: Sieber 100.
F451.5.1.15. F451.5.1.15. Dwarfs warm heath by underground fire. Karstens-Goslar 103.
F451.5.1.16. F451.5.1.16. Dwarf king prevents a father from shooting his son. Pröhle Harz. No. 137 III.
F451.5.1.17. F451.5.1.17. Dwarfs protect the forest. Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II.
F451.5.1.18. F451.5.1.18. Dwarfs teach mortals. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 267, *Boberg.
F451.5.1.19. F451.5.1.19. Dwarfs help human beings with spinning. Type 500; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271.
F451.5.1.20. F451.5.1.20. Dwarfs help in performing task. German: Grimm Nos. 13, 55, 64, 91.
F451.5.1.21. F451.5.1.21. House of dwarf’s friend spared in fire. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 57 No. 83.
F451.5.2. F451.5.2. Malevolent dwarf. *Type 301; BP II 301ff.; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269f., *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 393ff., (1928) 249ff.; German: Bindewald 87.
F451.5.2.1. F451.5.2.1. Ungrateful dwarf. *Type 426; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 326 No. 23.
F451.5.2.2. F451.5.2.2. Dwarfs steal from human beings. Fb “kage” II 72a; Gaster Oldest Stories 156. – Icelandic: *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 129ff., (1928) 93ff., II (1893) 34ff., (1928) 23ff.; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 308 No. 1, 326 No. 23; German: Pröhle Harz. No. 220 I, No. 269, Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 291, Sieber 61f., Eckart 7, 27, 79, Karstens-Goslar 102.
F451.5.2.2.1. F451.5.2.2.1. Dwarfs steal magic objects. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F451.5.2.2.2. F451.5.2.2.2. Dwarfs steal food and drink. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 56 No. 70.
F451.5.2.3. F451.5.2.3. Dwarfs exchange children in cradle. Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 272; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 294ff., (1928) 186ff.; German: Haas Greifswald 36 No. 39, 40 No. 43, Sieber 60, Pröhle Harz. Nos. 189, 220 I, 207, 269, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368.
F451.5.2.3.1. F451.5.2.3.1. Father given carved wooden image in lieu of son stolen by dwarfs. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen I 110.
F451.5.2.4. F451.5.2.4. Dwarfs kidnap mortals. (Cf. F420.5.2.2. and cross-references there given.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 269f., 272, *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 228ff., (1928) 162ff.; German: Eckart 80, Pröhle Harz. No. 229; Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 278, 446.
F451.5.2.5. F451.5.2.5. Dwarfs interfere with mortal‘s work (destroy buildings, crops, etc.) (Cf. F420.5.2.5.) *Fb “dværg” I 220; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 437 – 38; German: Karstens-Goslar 103, Pröhle Unterharz. 113 No. 297.
F451.5.2.6. F451.5.2.6. Dwarfs punish. Icelandic: Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn (1892) 156ff., (1928) 171ff.; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 55 No. 65; German: Sieber 61f., 283, Winckler 43 No. 36, Karstens-Goslar 41, Kahlo Harz. 30 No. 51, Förstner Kyffhäuser 22, Kapff 45; Eskimo (Mackenzie Area): Jenness 84.
F451.5.2.7. F451.5.2.7. Dwarfs play pranks. Gaster Oldest Stories 156; German: Bindewald 87, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II, Kahlo Harz. 30 No. 51, Karstens-Goslar 102, 103.
F451.5.2.8. F451.5.2.8. Dwarfs threaten mortals. German: Eckart 69, Pröhle Harz. No. 229.
F451.5.2.9. F451.5.2.9. Dwarfs scold mortals. German: Beckstein 6, Winckler 34 No. 24.
F451.5.2.10. F451.5.2.10. Dwarfs frighten mortals. German: Eckart 7, Bindewald 84, Kapff 44.
F451.5.2.11. F451.5.2.11. Dwarfs attack soldier. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 137, Findeisen 39 No. 43.
F451.5.2.12. F451.5.2.12. Dwarf takes back gifts he gave. German: Schöppner I 264 No. 271.
F451.5.2.13. F451.5.2.13. Dwarfs curse weapons and treasures which they are forced to give (or which the receiver does not appreciate). Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 268, *Boberg.
F451.5.2.14. F451.5.2.14. Dwarfs demand gifts. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 56 No. 69.
F451.5.3. F451.5.3. Dwarfs are ancestors of mortals. German: Haas Greifswald 40 No. 43.
F451.5.3.1. F451.5.3.1. Crippled mortals are of dwarf ancestry. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 187.
F451.5.4. F451.5.4. Mortal goes to land of dwarfs. Type 963*; German: Pröhle Harz. Nos. 137 III, 168 I, II, 229, Eckart 22, 78, 80, Schöppner I 186 No. 184; Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 241.
F451.5.4.1. F451.5.4.1. Ghost conceals herself with dwarfs. Tobler 66.
F451.5.4.2. F451.5.4.2. Dwarfs suspend large millstone on thin thread over head of mortal, to show what anguish dwarfs felt when mortal endangered their lives. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 337ff.; Lithuanian: Indogermanische Forschungen XXXV 124 No. 18; German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 40.
F451.5.4.3. F451.5.4.3. Enchanted princess lives with dwarfs. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 175 I.
F451.5.5. F451.5.5. Dwarfs have human woman as midwife. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 330ff., (1928) 210ff.; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 272; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 308 No. 2, 326 No. 2; German: Kahlo Harz. 54 No. 91.
F451.5.6. F451.5.6. Dwarfs have mortal god-parent. (Cf. F420.5.3.3.) German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 40, Eckart 78.
F451.5.7. F451.5.7. Dwarfs visit mortal’s home. German: Karsten-Goslar 122, Sieber 61, Pröhle Harz. Nos. 137 IV, 229, Bindewald 87.
F451.5.7.1. F451.5.7.1. Dwarf wants to warm self at fire. German: Sieber 61; Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. “nain”.
F451.5.8. F451.5.8. Dwarfs associate with mortals. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 40ff., 266ff., (1928) 37ff., 179ff.; German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184, Kapff 45; Pröhle Harz. No. 187; Eskimo (Bering Strait): Nelson RBAE XVIII 480, (West Hudson Bay): Boas BAM XV 167.
F451.5.8.1. F451.5.8.1. Dwarf follows countess around like a little dog. German: Bindewald 83.
F451.5.9. F451.5.9. Dwarfs and Christianity. (Cf. F420.5.3.4. and cross-references there given. Cf. also F451.9.1.6.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 271.
F451.5.9.1. F451.5.9.1. Dwarfs fear the cross. German: Karstens-Goslar 155, Findeisen 3 No. 5.
F451.5.9.2. F451.5.9.2. Dwarfs dislike singing of hymns. German: Karstens-Goslar 155.
F451.5.9.3. F451.5.9.3. Dwarfs dislike church bells. German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54, Karstens-Goslar 103, 155.
F451.5.9.4. F451.5.9.4. Dwarfs regard Day of St. John the Divine. German: Schöppner I 164 No. 157, 165 No. 158.
F451.5.9.5. F451.5.9.5. Dwarf seeks to enter church. *Fb “dværg” I 220.
F451.5.9.6. F451.5.9.6. Murder causes dwarf to lose his soul. (Cf. E700.) Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 240.
F451.5.10. F451.5.10. Business relations of dwarfs and mortals. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F451.5.10.1. F451.5.10.1. Dwarfs accept remuneration. German: Karstens-Goslar 135, 155, Sieber 283, Eckart 67, Pröhle Harz. No. 229, Kapff 45.
F451.5.10.2. F451.5.10.2. Dwarfs object to rewards. (Cf. F451.5.10.9.) German: Schöppner I 354 No. 351, Pröhle Unterharz. 150 No. 379.
F451.5.10.3. F451.5.10.3. Dwarfs borrow from mortals. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 116ff., (1928) 90ff., Boberg DF XLVI 38ff.; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 56 No. 68; German: Eckart 78, Schöppner I 186 No. 184, Findeisen 39 No. 43.
F451.5.10.3.1. F451.5.10.3.1. Dwarf borrows sledge. Lithuanian: Balys Legends Nos. 587 – 590.
F451.5.10.4. F451.5.10.4. Dwarfs return what they borrow. Boberg DF XLVI 38ff.; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 116ff., (1928) 90ff.; German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184; Eckart 78.
F451.5.10.5. F451.5.10.5. Dwarfs buy peas from mortals and pay more than they are worth. German: Eckart 79, Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.5.10.6. F451.5.10.6. Dwarfs pay for being ferried across water. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 417ff., (1928) 256ff.; German: Karstens-Goslar 155.
F451.5.10.7. F451.5.10.7. Mortal confiscates property of dwarfs. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 137.
F451.5.10.8. F451.5.10.8. Dwarfs make promises with mental reservations. German: Eckart 7.
F451.5.10.9. F451.5.10.9. Ausgelohnt. When dwarfs are paid in full for their work they cease helping mortals. *Hdwb. d. Märch. s.v. “Ausgelohnt”; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn II (1893) 96ff., (1928) 70ff.; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 40 No. 326; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3490.
F451.5.11. F451.5.11. Dwarfs suffer abuses by mortals. German: Schöppner I 264 No. 271, Pröhle Harz. No. 269, Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 40, Eckart 69, Sieber 61, Ey 29.
F451.5.12. F451.5.12. Dwarfs thwart efforts of mortals to get additional favors. German: Eckart 7.
F451.5.12.1. F451.5.12.1. Mortals, informed by those benefited, seek dwarf abode in vain. German: Kahlo Harz. 69 No. 109.
F451.5.13. F451.5.13. Dwarfs exact promise from mortals. German: Karstens-Goslar 41, Eckart 22.
F451.5.14. F451.5.14. Dwarfs tease mortals. German: Kapff 44, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368.
F451.5.15. F451.5.15. Dwarfs give riddles and questions to mortals.
F451.5.15.1. F451.5.15.1. Dwarf promises mortal much money if he will guess his name. German: Haas Greifswald. 40 No. 44.
F451.5.15.2. F451.5.15.2. Dwarf makes return of child dependent upon guessing of riddle. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 220 I.
F451.5.15.3. F451.5.15.3. Dwarf suitor desists when unwilling maiden guesses his name. (Cf. C432.1.) German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 41.
F451.5.16. F451.5.16. Dwarfs dislike human vices. German: Sieber 61, Schöppner I 186 No. 184, Pröhle Harz. No. 269, Pröhle Unterharz. 113 No. 298, Karstens-Goslar 135, Förstner Kyffhäuser 22, Winckler 43 No. 36.
F451.5.17. F451.5.17. Dwarfs invisibly attend wedding or christening feasts of mortals. (Cf. F451.3.3.8.) Icelandic: *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 135ff., (1928) 96ff.; German: Pröhle Harz. No. 229, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368.
F451.5.17.1. F451.5.17.1. Invisible dwarfs at christening feast made to speak by brewing beer in egg-shell. (Cf. F321.1.1.1, F481.4.) German: Pröhle Harz. No. 229.
F451.5.18. F451.5.18. Dwarf loves mortal girl. (Cf. F420.6.1. and cross references F451.5.15.3.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270, 272, Boberg; Swiss Jegerlehner Oberwallis 322 No. 86; German: Haas Greifswald. 36 No. 39, 38 No. 44.
F451.5.18.1. F451.5.18.1. Dwarf promises money and property to mortal father for hand of daughter. German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 41.
F451.5.19. F451.5.19. Dwarfs are bashful or timid. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 44ff., (1928) 41ff.
F451.5.19.1. F451.5.19.1. Dwarf stays away from house after maid tries to catch and kiss him. German: Hohaus 123.
F451.5.20. F451.5.20. Dwarfs give orders to mortals. German: Pröhle Unterharz 113 No. 298, Findeisen 39 No. 43.
F451.5.21. F451.5.21. Six dwarfs listen to singing by confirmed children. German: Kapff 45.
F451.5.22. F451.5.22. Expelled dwarfs plan to dig underground bed for Rhine. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 303 No. 23.
F451.5.23. F451.5.23. Dwarfs seek human help in their fights and troubles. Icelandic: Sveinsson FFC LXXXIII xxxviii – xli; German: MacCulloch Eddic 272.
F451.6. F451.6. Other actions of dwarfs.
F451.6.1. F451.6.1. Dwarf caught by beard in cleft of tree. (Cf. F451.2.3.1.) *Type 426; BP III 260; Breton: Sébillot Incidents s.v. “nain”.
F451.6.2. F451.6.2. Dwarf rides.
F451.6.2.1. F451.6.2.1. Dwarf rides on a hare. Köhler-Bolte I 545.
F451.6.2.2. F451.6.2.2. Dwarf rides through air on wooden horse. Dickson 217.
F451.6.2.3. F451.6.2.3. Dwarfs are taken for hussars because they ride little horses. (Cf. F451.7.5.) German: Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 294.
F451.6.2.4. F451.6.2.4. Dwarfs try to kill serpent. French Canadian: Sister Marie Ursule.
F451.6.3. F451.6.3. Dwarfs have festivities. Irish myth: *Cross.
F451.6.3.1. F451.6.3.1. Dwarfs feast mortals in their home. German: Eckart 22, Ey 29, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 III, No. 168 I, Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 40.
F451.6.3.2. F451.6.3.2. Dwarfs celebrate weddings and christenings of their own. (Cf. F451.6.5.) Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 62ff., (1928) 54ff.; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 45 Nos. 375 – 376; German: Pröhle Harz. No. 229, Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 40.
F451.6.3.3. F451.6.3.3. Dwarfs have music. Irish myth: *Cross; Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270 – 71; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 189ff., (1928) 133ff.; German: Eckart 22, Sieber 62, Pröhle Harz. No. 229, Pröhle Unterharz. 171 No. 453.
F451.6.3.3.1. F451.6.3.3.1. Dwarf musician (poet). Irish myth: *Cross.
F451.6.3.4. F451.6.3.4. Dwarf dances. *Fb “danse” IV 93a; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 193ff., (1928) 137ff.; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 58 No. 92; German: Sieber 62.
F451.6.3.5. F451.6.3.5. Dwarfs play in the moonlight. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 36ff., (1928) 33ff.; German: Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 41.
F451.6.3.6. F451.6.3.6. Dwarfs hold church services. German: Schöppner I 165 No. 158.
F451.6.4. F451.6.4. Dwarfs fight with each other. German: Ey 29, Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 294.
F451.6.5. F451.6.5. Dwarfs wed. (Cf. F451.6.3.2.) Irish myth: *Cross (F451.3.17); German: Karstens-Goslar 122, Kahlo Harz. 30 No. 51.
F451.6.6. F451.6.6. Dwarfs laugh. German: Karstens-Goslar 122.
F451.6.7. F451.6.7. Dwarfs weep. German: Förstner Kyffhäuser 17.
F451.6.8. F451.6.8. Dwarfs become angry. German: Haas Greifswald 38 No. 41.
F451.6.9. F451.6.9. Dwarfs dig for treasures. German: Findeisen 3 No. 5.
F451.6.10. F451.6.10. Frau Holle lives with dwarfs. (Cf. F475.1.) German: Pröhle Harz. No. 230.
F451.6.11. F451.6.11. Dwarfs betray. German: Sieber 61.
F451.6.12. F451.6.12. Dwarf king Hibich comes to surface every 500 years. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II.
F451.6.13. F451.6.13. Dwarf carries his knocked-off leg on his shoulder. German: Sieber 61.
F451.6.14. F451.6.14. Dwarfs flee to caves for protection. German: Karstens-Goslar 102.
F451.7. F451.7. Possessions of dwarfs. Irish myth: *Cross.
F451.7.1. F451.7.1. Dwarfs possess treasure (gold, jewels, etc.). Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 270; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 172ff. (1928) 221ff.; German: Eckart 22, Schöppner I 164 No. 157, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 IV, Haas Greifswald. 36 No. 39, 38 No. 40.
F451.7.2. F451.7.2. Dwarfs have ovens. Boberg DF XLVI 16ff.; German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.7.3. F451.7.3. Dwarfs have little lanterns. German: Winckler 56 No. 57.
F451.7.4. F451.7.4. Dwarf king has silver miner‘s torch bright as the sun. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II.
F451.7.5. F451.7.5. Dwarfs have little horses. (Cf. F451.6.2.3.) Irish myth: *Cross; German: Pröhle Unterharz. 112 No. 294.
F451.7.6. F451.7.6. Dwarfs have cattle, steeds and wagons. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 31ff., (1928) 32ff.; German: Karstens-Goslar 122.
F451.8. F451.8. Names for dwarfs. **Gould PMLA XLIV 939.
F451.8.1. F451.8.1. Common names for dwarfs. German: Haas Grimmen 3, 46 No. 54, Haas Greifswald. 36 No. 39, 38 Nos. 40, 41, Nos. 43, 44, Karstens-Goslar 135, 155, Schöppner I 165 No. 158, I 169 No. 163, I 264 No. 271, I 354 No. 351, Ey 9, 29, Bindewald 83, 87, 142, 188, Findeisen 3 No. 5, 39 No. 43, Kappf 44, 45, Hohaus 123, Eckart 27, 67, 78ff., Bechstein 6.
F451.8.2. F451.8.2. Proper names for dwarfs. Icelandic: Snorra Edda Gylf. XIV, *Boberg, MacCulloch Eddic 264, 269 – 70; German: Eckart 20, 22, Pröhle Harz. No. 137 II, III, Pröhle Unterharz. 145 No. 368, Haas Greifswald. 38 No. 41, 40 No. 44.
F451.9. F451.9. Dwarfs emigrate. Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 417ff., (1928) 256ff.; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 59 Nos. 103 – 105.
F451.9.1. F451.9.1. Why dwarfs emigrate.
F451.9.1.1. F451.9.1.1. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals put caraway seeds into bread. German: Sieber 61.
F451.9.1.2. F451.9.1.2. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals are false. German: Pröhle Unterharz. 113 No. 298.
F451.9.1.3. F451.9.1.3. The three sevens in 1777 drive dwarfs out of the land. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 60.
F451.9.1.4. F451.9.1.4. Dwarfs emigrate because of industrial development. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.9.1.5. F451.9.1.5. Dwarfs promise to emigrate if captured dwarfs are released. German: Sieber 62.
F451.9.1.6. F451.9.1.6. Dwarfs emigrate because Christianity offends them. (Cf. F451.5.9.) German: Haas Grimmen 46 No. 54; Icelandic: Boberg.
F451.9.1.7. F451.9.1.7. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals tease them. (Cf. F451.3.6.2.) German: Sieber 61.
F451.9.1.8. F451.9.1.8. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals object to their stealing. German: Pröhle Harz. No. 269.
F451.9.1.9. F451.9.1.9. Dwarfs emigrate because they dislike peasants‘ dancing and loud music. German: Karstens-Goslar 103.
F451.9.1.10. F451.9.1.10. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals curse. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.9.1.11. F451.9.1.11. Dwarfs emigrate because mortals desecrate holy day. German: Schöppner I 186 No. 184.
F451.9.1.12. F451.9.1.12. Dwarfs emigrate because of mortals’ ingratitude. German: Sieber 61.
F451.9.1.13. F451.9.1.13. Frederick the Great drove dwarfs across Black Sea. German: Sieber 61.
F451.9.1.14. F451.9.1.14. Dwarfs forced to flee by deity. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 328.
F451.9.1.15. F451.9.1.15. Dwarfs emigrate when their king dies. Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 59 No. 102.
F451.9.2. F451.9.2. The destination of emigrating dwarfs.
F451.9.2.1. F451.9.2.1. Dwarfs emigrate to unknown place. German: Karstens-Goslar 155.
F451.9.2.2. F451.9.2.2. Dwarfs emigrate to the Orient. German: Kapff 44.
F451.9.3. F451.9.3. Dwarfs emigrate New Year‘s Eve of 1800 to return New Year’s Eve of 1900. German: Sieber 61.
F451.9.4. F451.9.4. As dwarfs emigrate each deposits coin into kettle for mortals. German: Sieber 62.
F451.9.5. F451.9.5. Emigrating dwarfs are ferried across water. (Cf. F451.5.10.6.) German: Karstens-Goslar 166.
F451.9.6. F451.9.6. Dwarfs emigrate unseen but heard. (Cf. F455.5.1.) Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 59 No. 104; German: Sieber 62.
F451.10. F451.10. Dwarfs and other supernatural beings.
F451.10.1. F451.10.1. Giants and heroes created for the protection and aid of dwarfs. (Cf. F451.1.3.) German: MacCulloch Eddic 265.
F451.10.2. F451.10.2. Giants and dwarfs in contest. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 53.
F451.10.2.1. F451.10.2.1. Dwarfs kill giantess by dropping millstone on her head. Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 53.
F451.10.3. F451.10.3. Dwarfs in love with other supernatural beings. (Cf. F531.7.2.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 95, 123, 270 (Freyja); *Boberg.
F451.10.4. F451.10.4. Dwarfs make weapons and other precious objects for the gods. (Cf. F451.3.4.2.) Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 266.
F455. F455. Trolls. Sometimes underground spirits, sometimes also thought of as mountain-spirits. In many tales trolls are ogres. (Cf. G100, G400 – G599.) *Fb “trold” III 852a; Scandinavian: **E. Hartmann Die Trollvorstellungen in den Sagen und Märchen der skandinavischen Völker (Stuttgart, 1936); Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 285ff., Boberg; Norwegian: Solheim Register 18, 21; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 60ff.
F455.1. F455.1. Home of trolls.
F455.1.1. F455.1.1. Trolls live in howe (barrow, grave). *Fb “trold” III 852a; Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.1.2. F455.1.2. Trolls live in cliffs. Icelandic: **Boberg.
F455.2. F455.2. Appearance of trolls. (Cf. G304.1.)
F455.2.1. F455.2.1. Trolls the size of ten or twelve year old child. *Fb “trold” III 852a.
F455.2.2. F455.2.2. Trolls are usually ugly, hideous, big and strong. Icelandic: *Boberg; Norwegian: Solheim Register 18, Hartmann 48, 52, 65.
F455.2.3. F455.2.3. Trolls are black (dark). Hartmann 65; Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.2.4. F455.2.4. Trolls dressed in skins. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.2.5. F455.2.5. Troll in human form. Hartmann 70.
F455.2.5.1. F455.2.5.1. Troll in human size. Hartmann 65.
F455.2.6. F455.2.6. Trolls frightful. Hartmann 52.
F455.2.7. F455.2.7. Troll with snout for nose. Hartmann 54.
F455.2.8. F455.2.8. Troll in animal form (cat, dog, pig, hen). Hartmann 67, 70.
F455.2.9. F455.2.9. Troll as whirlwind. Hartmann 73.
F455.2.10. F455.2.10. Great age of trolls. Often centuries old. Hartmann 67.
F455.3. F455.3. Characteristic activities of trolls.
F455.3.1. F455.3.1. Trolls skillful as smiths. *Fb “smed” III 402a; *Krappe Grinkenschmied (Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literatur CLVIII [1930] 9 – 23).
F455.3.2. F455.3.2. Trolls dance. *Fb “danse” IV 93b.
F455.3.3. F455.3.3. Trolls ride.
F455.3.3.1. F455.3.3.1. Troll rides on dog. Fb “hund” I 676b.
F455.3.3.2. F455.3.3.2. Troll rides in whirlwind. (Cf. F455.2.9.) Fb “hvirvelvind” IV 232a.
F455.3.3.3. F455.3.3.3. Trolls ride on men and cattle. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.3.4. F455.3.4. Trolls spin and weave fine cloth. Hartmann 72.
F455.3.5. F455.3.5. Trolls bake. Hartmann 71, *Boberg DF XLVI.
F455.3.6. F455.3.6. Trolls go about at night. Hartmann 75.
F455.4. F455.4. Possessions of trolls.
F455.4.1. F455.4.1. Trolls‘ riches. Hartmann 70.
F455.4.1.1. F455.4.1.1. Trolls’ riches inside mountain. Hartmann 70.
F455.4.2. F455.4.2. Trolls‘ food.
F455.4.2.1. F455.4.2.1. Trolls’ food gives man supernatural strength. Hartmann 72.
F455.4.2.2. F455.4.2.2. Trolls eat from golden dishes, but food is frogs and snakes. Hartmann 70.
F455.4.2.3. F455.4.2.3. Trolls live on food humans have failed to bless. Hartmann 70.
F455.5. F455.5. Visibility of trolls. (Cf. F235.)
F455.5.1. F455.5.1. Trolls invisible but heard. (Cf. F412, F451.9.6.) Hartmann 69f.
F455.5.2. F455.5.2. Invisible troll attends wedding and eats food. Hartmann 73.
F455.5.3. F455.5.3. Trolls have cap of invisibility. (Cf. F451.3.3.8.) Hartmann 73.
F455.5.4. F455.5.4. Certain persons can see trolls. (Cf. F235.3.) Hartmann 74.
F455.5.4.1. F455.5.4.1. Animals can see trolls. (Cf. B733.) Hartmann 74.
F455.5.4.2. F455.5.4.2. Trolls visible to unconfirmed children. Hartmann 83.
F455.5.4.3. F455.5.4.3. Trolls seen through another‘s arm (or the like). (Cf. D1821.3.1, F235.6.) Hartmann 74.
F455.6. F455.6. Trolls and men.
F455.6.1. F455.6.1. Trolls’ friendship with men. Hartmann 72.
F455.6.2. F455.6.2. Trolls‘ lending and borrowing. Hartmann 72.
F455.6.2.1. F455.6.2.1. Troll repays loan with costly or magic object. Hartmann 72.
F455.6.3. F455.6.3. Trolls steal from humans. Hartmann 64, 73.
F455.6.3.1. F455.6.3.1. Trolls steal fish at Christmas. Hartmann 57.
F455.6.4. F455.6.4. Theft from troll.
F455.6.4.1. F455.6.4.1. Troll’s costly cup stolen. Hartmann 18, 70.
F455.6.4.2. F455.6.4.2. Troll‘s treasure obtained by casting steel on it. Hartmann 20.
F455.6.5. F455.6.5. Trolls visit men.
F455.6.5.1. F455.6.5.1. Trolls visit people Christmas Eve. Hartmann 53f., 75.
F455.6.6. F455.6.6. Trolls carry off people. (Cf. F320, F322.) *Hartmann 76, 86ff.; *Feilberg DF V.
F455.6.6.1. F455.6.6.1. Stolen woman saved from trolls’ dance. (Cf. F322.2.) Hartmann 118ff.
F455.6.7. F455.6.7. Trolls as changelings. (Cf. F321.1.) Scandinavian: *Hartmann 76ff.; **Piaschewski Der Wichsetbalg (Breslau, 1935).
F455.6.8. F455.6.8. Trolls help men.
F455.6.8.1. F455.6.8.1. Trolls help with grain harvest. Hartmann 72f.
F455.6.9. F455.6.9. Trolls as the constant enemies of humans. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.6.10. F455.6.10. People possessed by trolls. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F455.7. F455.7. Trolls and Christianity. (Cf. G304.2.4.1.)
F455.7.1. F455.7.1. Trolls flee before Christianity. (Cf. F382) Hartmann 69.
F455.7.2. F455.7.2. Troll helpless before sign of Cross. (Cf. D1766.1.) Hartmann 67.
F455.7.3. F455.7.3. Trolls may not utter holy names. Hartmann 70.
F455.8. F455.8. Troll killed.
F455.8.1. F455.8.1. Trolls turn to stone at sunrise. (Cf. F531.6.12.2.) Norwegian: Solheim Register 18, Hartmann 68.
F455.8.2. F455.8.2. Trolls killed by lightning. Hartmann 67.
F455.9. F455.9. Banning trolls.
F455.9.1. F455.9.1. Certain persons can ban trolls. Hartmann 74.
F455.10. F455.10. Recognizing trolls.
F455.10.1. F455.10.1. Test of troll child. Snake placed in dough she is to knead. She calls it “brother”. Hartmann 81.
F455.11. F455.11. Offspring of trolls. Icelandic: *Boberg.
F456. F456. Mine spirits. Gnomes. (Cf. E336.) Eskimo (Greenland): Rink 279, 460.
F456.1. F456.1. Knockers (Tommy Knockers, spriggins).
F456.1.1. F456.1.1. Origin of knockers or spriggins.
F456.1.1.1. F456.1.1.1. Knockers as ghosts of Jews who crucified Christ and who were forced to work Cornish tin mines as punishment. England: *Baughman.
F456.1.1.2. F456.1.1.2. Knockers as ghosts of giants who formerly lived in area. England: Baughman.
F456.1.1.3. F456.1.1.3. Knockers as spirits of dead miners. U.S.: *Baughman.
F456.1.2. F456.1.2. Actions of knockers.
F456.1.2.1. F456.1.2.1. Malicious actions of knockers.
F456.1.2.1.1. F456.1.2.1.1. Knockers bring ill luck if one whistles in the mine. (Cf. G303.16.18.) England: Baughman.
F456.1.2.1.2. F456.1.2.1.2. Knockers hide tools of miners. U.S.: Baughman.
F456.1.2.1.3. F456.1.2.1.3. Knockers tamper with dynamite fuses in mine. U.S.: *Baughman.
F456.1.2.1.4. F456.1.2.1.4. Knockers kick rungs out of ladders, cutting off escape of trapped miners. U.S.: Baughman.
F456.1.2.1.5. F456.1.2.1.5. Knockers lame miners who bother them unduly. England: *Baughman.
F456.1.2.2. F456.1.2.2. Helpful actions of knockers. England, U.S.: *Baughman.
F456.1.2.2.1. F456.1.2.2.1. Knockers lead men to the richest lodes in the mines by knocking in those areas. England: *Baughman.
F456.1.2.2.2. F456.1.2.2.2. Knockers do miner‘s work at night while he is gone. England: Baughman.
F456.1.2.2.3. F456.1.2.2.3. Knockers test entries and supports by tapping them with hammers. U.S.: Baughman.
F456.1.2.2.4. F456.1.2.2.4. Knockers appear to miners before accidents occur: the sight of one serves as a warning to leave mine. England, U.S.: *Baughman.
F456.1.2.3. F456.1.2.3. Other actions of knockers.
F456.1.2.3.1. F456.1.2.3.1. Knockers hold midnight mass deep in mines on Christmas Eve. (Cf. E492.) England: Baughman.
F456.1.2.3.2. F456.1.2.3.2. Knockers (ghosts of Jews) are compelled to sing carols in mines at Christmastime. England: Baughman.
F456.1.2.3.3. F456.1.2.3.3. Knockers refrain from work on Saturdays and other Jewish holidays. England: Baughman.
F456.2. F456.2. Mining spirit: “Bluecap.”
F456.2.1. F456.2.1. Bluecap moves coal-tubs for miners. England: *Baughman.
F456.3. F456.3. Mining spirit: “Cutty Soams”.
F456.3.1. F456.3.1. “Cutty” cuts cords by which miners pull tubs full of coal. England: *Baughman.
F456.4. F456.4. Miscellaneous mine spirit motifs.
F456.4.1. F456.4.1. Fairies operate coal mine. Wales: Baughman.
F460. F460. Mountain-spirits. (Huldra.) See also F200 – F399 (Fairies and Elves), F420 (Water-spirits), and F451 (Dwarfs) for many common motifs. Meyer Altgermanische 101; *Fb “vætte” III 1122b, “dværg” I 220b, “höj” I 740a, and especially “bjærgmand” I 41b, 42a; Hdwb. d. Abergl. I 1071 s.v. “Berggeister”; *Wehrhan 80; Scandinavian: **Hartmann 35ff., 57, 64 (“huldra”); *Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 60ff. Nos. 513 – 564; Slovenian: *L. Kratzenbacher Germanische Mythen in der epischen Volksdichtung der Slowenen (Graz, 1941) 28 – 35; India: Thompson-Balys.
F460.0.1. F460.0.1. Mountain spirits as souls of dead. Finnish: Holmberg Finno-Ugric 76.
F460.1. F460.1. Appearance of mountain men.
F460.1.1. F460.1.1. Mountain-man in animal shape. Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 60 No. 517.
F460.1.1.1. F460.1.1.1. Mountain-man in shape of hog. Fb “svin” III 676a.
F460.1.2. F460.1.2. Mountain-wife has breasts so long that she throws them over her shoulder. (Cf. F232.2, F441.2.1.2, F531.1.5.1, G123.) Fb “patte” II 791b; Scandinavian: Hartmann 38.
F460.1.3. F460.1.3. Mountain-man carries shears at side like sword. Fb “saks” III 143a.
F460.1.4. F460.1.4. Dress of mountain-men. *Fb “bjærgmand” IV 41b.
F460.1.4.1. F460.1.4.1. Mountain-men in white caps. Fb “hvid” I 700b.
F460.1.4.2. F460.1.4.2. Mountain-men in red caps. (Cf. F236.3.2., F451.2.7.1.) Fb “lue” II 455.
F460.1.4.3. F460.1.4.3. Huldra-woman’s cap. Norwegian: Solheim Register 19.
F460.1.5. F460.1.5. Huldra-women have cow‘s tails. (Cf. F232.8, F518, F531.1.6.14.) Norwegian: Hartmann 37.
F460.1.6. F460.1.6. Huldra-men with long teeth and nose. Norwegian: Hartmann 37.
F460.1.7. F460.1.7. Huldra invisible. Hartmann 37.
F460.2. F460.2. Characteristics of mountain-men.
F460.2.1. F460.2.1. Mountain-folk afraid of thunder. Fb “torden” III 824b.
F460.2.2. F460.2.2. Mountain-folk ride through air on horses. Fb “luftrejse” II 457a.
F460.2.3. F460.2.3. Mountain-men cannot enter house till light is quenched. Fb “lys” II 480b.
F460.2.4. F460.2.4. Mountain-man has stack of butter before his door. Fb “smör” III 413b.
F460.2.5. F460.2.5. Huldra have lake. Norwegian: Solheim Register 19.
F460.2.6. F460.2.6. Huldra live like people. Have own churches, king, soldiers, etc. Hartmann 37.
F460.2.8. F460.2.8. Huldra have drum. Norwegian: Solheim Register 19.
F460.2.9. F460.2.9. Huldra have cattle. (Cf. F241.2.) Norwegian: Solheim Register 19.
F460.2.10. F460.2.10. Huldra have drinking-horn. Norwegian: Solheim Register 19.
F460.2.11. F460.2.11. Huldra tend herds in mountains. Hartmann 35.
F460.2.12. F460.2.12. Mountain-man must die six times to be dead. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen II 273.
F460.2.13. F460.2.13. Huldra sing songs. Norwegian: Hartmann 35, 37.
F460.2.14. F460.2.14. Mountain spirits eat raw food. Mono-Alu: Wheeler 6f., 18, 19, 32, 34, 39, 41, 42, 46, 49, 51, 52, 60, 61, 188.
F460.2.15. F460.2.15. Mountain spirits change sex at will. (Cf. D10.) Buin: Wheeler 19, 51.
F460.3. F460.3. Amusements of mountain-folk.
F460.3.1. F460.3.1. Mountain-folk dance. *Fb “danse” IV 93a; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 302 No. 2.
F460.3.2. F460.3.2. Mountain-men play games. Hartland Science 166ff., 178; cf. Irving’s Rip Van Winkle.
F460.4. F460.4. Relation of mountain-men and human beings.
F460.4.1. F460.4.1. Mountain-girl marries mortal man. Supernaturally strong man as offspring. Fb “döjs” I 229b; Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1928) 282 – 283.
F460.4.1.1. F460.4.1.1. Mountain-men as lovers of herding-girls. Norwegian: Hartman 37.
F460.4.1.2. F460.4.1.2. Mountain woman has sex relations with man. Norwegian: Hartmann 104ff.; Solheim Register 19.
F460.4.1.2.1. F460.4.1.2.1. Child from dreamed sex relations with mountain-woman. Hartmann 121 (cf. Ibsen’s Peer Gynt).
F460.4.2. F460.4.2. Helpful mountain-men. Norwegian: Hartmann 35.
F460.4.2.1. F460.4.2.1. Mountain-spirits help build palace. Chinese: Werner 181.
F460.4.2.2. F460.4.2.2. Money left on hill to repay helpful mountain-men. *Fb “penge” II 803a.
F460.4.2.3. F460.4.2.3. Mountain-spirit teaches hero swordsmanship. Japanese: Anesaki 309.
F460.4.2.4. F460.4.2.4. Mountain-men give children a book. Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 60 No. 514.
F460.4.2.5. F460.4.2.5. Huldra trade cattle with men. Norwegian: Hartmann 35.
F460.4.3. F460.4.3. Mountain-men leave broken implement for man to mend. Fb “ovnrage” II 775b; Norse: MacCulloch Eddic 271.
F460.4.4. F460.4.4. Malevolent mountain-men.
F460.4.4.1. F460.4.4.1. Mountain-men abduct persons. *Fb “karet” II 91; Icelandic: *Boberg; Norwegian: Solheim Register 19, *Hartmann 109, 112; Chinese: Werner 345; Japanese: Ikeda; Mono-Alu: Wheeler 39; New Hebrides: Codrington 409.
F460.4.4.1.1. F460.4.4.1.1. Woman rescued from mountain-men. Norwegian: Solheim Register 19, *Hartmann 117.
F460.4.4.2. F460.4.4.2. Mountain-men chain captive peasant. Fb “lænke” II 497.
F460.4.4.3. F460.4.4.3. Mountain-men throw person over church roof. Fb “kaste” II 103.
F460.4.4.4. F460.4.4.4. Mountain-men make sausage of Christians. Fb “pölse” II 907.
F460.4.4.5. F460.4.4.5. Mountain-folk steal from peasant. Fb “lys” II 480b.
F460.4.4.6. F460.4.4.6. Mountain-men drive off man‘s herds. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 301f. Nos. 12, 18.
F460.4.4.7. F460.4.4.7. Mountain-spirit causes shipwreck. Eskimo (Greenland): Rasmussen III 138.
F460.4.5. F460.4.5. Mountain-men borrow from peasant. Fb “låne” II 521.
F460.4.6. F460.4.6. Failure to bless mountains gives mountain-men power. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 301 No. 18; Icelandic: Boberg.
F460.4.7. F460.4.7. Mountain-man as godfather. Type 1165; Kristensen Danske Sagn I (1892) 441ff., (1928) 264ff.
F460.4.8. F460.4.8. Visit to mountain-men. Norwegian: Solheim Register 18.
F465. F465. Rübezahl. A mountain and storm spirit. *Wehrhan 68; **Jungbauer Die Rübezahlsage (Reichenberg, 1923); Koch **Rübezahl (Breslau, n.d.); Bolte Zs. f. Vksk. XXXV – XXXVI 68; *Loewe Zs. f. Vksk. XVIII 1, 151, XXI 31, 126.
F470. F470. Night-spirits. Poltergeister; goblins; hobgoblins. *Kittredge Witchcraft 214, 521f. nn. 7, 9ff.; Icelandic: *Boberg; Finnish-Swedish: *Wessman 30ff.; Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 305 No. 4.
F470.0.1. F470.0.1. Friar Rush as mischief maker. *Kittredge Witchcraft 216, 524 nn. 27 – 31.
F470.1. F470.1. Spirits pull off person’s bedclothes. *Kittredge Witchcraft 217, 524f. nn. 37 – 44; England, Scotland, Wales, U.S.: *Baughman.
F470.2. F470.2. Night-spirits dance. Fb “danse” IV 93a.
F471. F471. Dream demons.
F471.1. F471.1. Nightmare (Alp). Presses person in dream. **E. Jones Der Alptraum (Leipzig-Wien, 1912); *Tegethoff Amor und Psyche 87ff.; Hdwb. d. Abergl. 1 282 s.v. “Alp”; Laistner Rätsel I 41ff., II 1ff.; Wehrhan 62; Hdwb. d. March. s.v. “Alp”; *Meyer Germanen 129ff.; Jellinek Zs. f. Vksk. XIV 322; *Fb “mare” II 551f.; *Kittredge Witchcraft 218, 525f. nn. 54 – 62. – Icelandic: MacCulloch Eddic 288ff., De la Saussaye 293f., *Boberg; Danish: Kristensen Danske Sagn II (1893) 241ff., (1928) 154ff.; Finnish-Swedish: Wessman 88 Nos. 748 – 770; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 63 No. 171; Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 44 No. 60; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 127 No. 60; Jewish: Neuman; Hindu: Penzer III 131 n. 3.
F471.1.1. F471.1.1. Actions of nightmares (alps). Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3690.
F471.1.1.1. F471.1.1.1. Alp rides horse sweaty at night. *Fb “mare” II 551b, 552a; Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 44 No. 60; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 127 No. 60; Lithuanian: Balys Index Nos. 3683f.
F471.1.1.2. F471.1.1.2. Alps dance. *Fb “danse” IV 93a.
F471.1.2. F471.1.2. Protection against the nightmare (alp). *Fb “mare” II 551.
F471.1.2.1. F471.1.2.1. Exorcising the nightmare. Meyer Germanen 132.
F471.1.2.2. F471.1.2.2. Destruction of an alp. Swiss: Jegerlehner Oberwallis 309 No. 11.
F471.1.3. F471.1.3. Unbaptized children as nightmares. When caught, they beg baptism. Usually they are murdered illegitimates. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3685.
F471.1.4. F471.1.4. Ghost of hunter as nightmare. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3686.
F471.1.5. F471.1.5. Persons who at night become nightmares. Those who are born on a Thursday and christened on a Sunday must at certain times (on Thursdays) press somebody or something. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3687; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 67 No. 183.
F471.2. F471.2. Incubus. A male demon who comes in sleep and has sexual intercourse with a woman. *Kittredge Witchcraft 116, 444ff. nn. 103 – 155 passim; *Loomis White Magic 77; Irish myth: Cross; Welsh: ibid.; Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 44 No. 59; Germanic: De la Saussaye 293f.; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 126 No. 59; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3682; S. A. Indian (Araucanian): Alexander Lat. Am. 328; Africa (Fang): Einstein 175.
F471.2.0.1. F471.2.0.1. Demon lover. Irish myth: *Cross.
F471.2.1. F471.2.1. Succubus: female incubus. *Loomis White Magic 77; Lithuanian: Balys Index Nos. *369, *423f., 3681; Armenian: Ananikian 87; West Indies: Flowers 433.
F472. F472. Huckauf. A goblin which jumps on one‘s back. *Kittredge Witchcraft 220f., 528f. nn. 78 – 79; Dutch: Sinninghe FFC CXXXII 68 No. 291; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3425, Legends Nos. 827 – 832.
F473. F473. Poltergeist. Invisible spirit (sometimes identified as ghost or witch) responsible for all sorts of mischief in or around a household.
F473.1. F473.1. Poltergeist throws objects. England, Scotland, U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.2. F473.2. Poltergeist causes objects to behave contrary to their nature.
F473.2.1. F473.2.1. Chair is rocked by invisible spirit. (Cf. D1601.28.) U.S.: Baughman, (North Carolina): Brown Collection I 640.
F473.2.2. F473.2.2. Spirit hides articles in strange places. Canada, U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.2.3. F473.2.3. Spirit puts out lights. U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.2.4. F473.2.4. House burns for no apparent reason. U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.3. F473.3. Poltergeist mistreats people. England, U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.4. F473.4. Poltergeist mistreats animals. U.S.: *Baughman.
F473.4.1. F473.4.1. Spirit rides horses and mules at night, wears them out. (Cf. F366.2, F471.1.1.1, G265.3.) U.S.: Baughman.
F473.5. F473.5. Poltergeist makes noises. England, Scotland, U.S., Wales: *Baughman.
F473.6. F473.6. Miscellaneous actions of poltergeist.
F473.6.1. F473.6.1. Spirit tears new paper off rooms in house. England: Baughman.
F473.6.2. F473.6.2. Spirit slashes clothing. Scotland, U.S.: *Baughman.
F473.6.3. F473.6.3. Spirit takes food from table or cupboard. England, Wales: *Baughman.
F473.6.4. F473.6.4. Spirit eats food. U.S.: Baughman.
F473.6.5. F473.6.5. Spirit throws back shots fired at it. (Cf. G265.8.3.1.2.) U.S.: Baughman.
F473.6.6. F473.6.6. Spirit makes wheels come off wagon. U.S.: Baughman.
F473.6.7. F473.6.7. Spirit shoves wagon into ditch. U.S.: Baughman.
F473.6.8. F473.6.8. Spirit plays man’s fiddle at night. Wales: Baughman.
F473.6.9. F473.6.9. Spirit disturbs coffins in burial vault. England: *Baughman.
F475. F475. Friendly night-spirits.
F475.1. F475.1. Dame Berchta. Supposed to travel over the country at night with a troop. (Named from Bertha, the mother of Charlemagne.) Also called Frau Holle. *Meyer Germanen 23ff.; *Wehrhan 85f.; Slovenian: *L. Kretzenbacher Germanische Mythen in der epischen Volksdichtung der Slowenen (Graz, 1941) 84 – 94.
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